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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 


Agricultural Experiment Station. 


CHAMPAIGN, MAY, 1889. 


BULLETIN NO, 5. 


Grasses and Clovers: Effect of Ripeness on Yield and Composition. 


Experiment No. 50. 
The yield and the utility in feeding determine chiefly the value of 


such crops as grasses and clovers; account must also be taken of some — 


other things, such as cost and certainty of growing, and the risks and 
expense of harvesting. These last items are also not to be overlooked in 


an inquiry as to the stage of ripeness at which it is most profitable to cut ~ 
any variety of grass or clover. The expense and risk in securing timothy: - 


for example, may both be greater, if it be cut early when it will require 
much. handling and long exposure in curing, than if cut late when with a 
little tending it will dry quickly. Butin such an inquiry the main ques- 
tion is, To what extent are the yield and the feeding value of the hay 
affected by the ripeness of the crop when cut? The food value of hay 
depends upon its composition, its digestibility by the animal eating it, and 
the readiness and relish with which it is eaten. The investigations 
reported in this bulletin were undertaken to ascertain the effect of cutting 
certain grasses and clovers at different periods of growth upon the yield 
of hay and its composition. The results obtained by several others who 
have made investigations on the same lines are also given, and the whole 
is believed to be a fairly comprehensive summary of the data so far 
accumulated upon this subject in this country. ; 

The digestibility of the crops harvested was not investigated; but the 
conclusions reached by men who have pursued this branch of the inquiry 
. have been used—preference being given to experiments made in America. 


142 BULLETIN NO. 5. [AZay, 


EXPLANATION. OF TERMS. 


The treatment of the subject is necessarily technical to some extent, 

and an explanation of some of the terms used may help the general 
reader. 
Fresh substance- -Water—Water-free substance. Air-dry products, 
such as hay and well dried corn, contain some water, which is driven off 
when they are heated to the boiling point of water. Accurately speaking, 
therefore, hay is not a dry substance. To avoid confusion, the sample of 
hay taken to the chemist in its usual condition is called fresh substance. 
When the water has been driven off, that which is left is termed waser- 
Sree substance. 

Crude ash. When the chemist has burned his sample of hay, etc., he 
has left the mineral constituents, a part of them in the form of carbon- 
ates, and some sand. To this residue the term crude ash is applied. 

Crude protein—True protein. Some of the group of nutrients dis- 


tinguished by containing nitrogen (the gluten of wheat, white of eggs, | 


and the lean of “meat belong to this group) go to build up flesh and mus- 
cle. The term ¢rue protein is applied to such nitrogenous compounds, 
and the nitrogen in them is called a/buminoid nitrogen. Other compounds 
containing nitrogen do not produce muscle. When these two classes are 
spoken of collectively, the term applied to them is crude protein. 

Crude fat. This comprises the substances soluble in ether, such as 
the fat, wax, and the green coloring matter of plants (chlorophyll). 

Crude fibre. This is the woody part of the plants. 

Nitrogen-free extract. To what is left in the chemical analysis after 
the crude ash, the nitrogenous compounds, the crude fat, and the crude 
fibre, have been removed the term méitrogen-free extract is applied. 

Co-efficient of digestion. The term co-efficient of digestion denotes the 
number of parts in a hundred of any given nutriment which are digested 
by the animal eating it. This co-efficient is determined by comparing 
the known quantity of the several nutrients in the amount of food fed 
to an animal in a given time with the amount of each found in the solid 

-excrements for the same time. When the co-efficients of a particular 
food have not been ascertained, they are assumed to be the same as the 
known co-efficients of some closely similar food. The co-efficients vary 
with the class of animals fed. In this bulletin the co-efficients for cattle 
are used. 

The pounds per acre of a crop being known, and its composition, 
the number of pounds of each nutritive constituent may be computed. 
The number of each thus found gives, when multiplied by its co-efficient 
of digestion the amount of each nutrient digested, and the sum of these 
several amounts is the total of digestible substance in the crop. 

For example, take the first cutting of timothy reported in table 2: 
The yield per acre of hay was 4480 lbs. After driving out the water by 
heating, the dry substance left was 3287 lbs. This gives: 


4 


(~  S. . —  . e eo 


— 


; 
; 
. 


\ 


1889.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 143 


Parts Lb. per Digestion Lb. per acre 


in 100. acre. co-efficients. digestible. 
Pe LUGS YAS «, chat icaonetass ehieom 6.81 224 — — 
Merde fat) xiaselicy Nes Aco ON ioree ain 5: 165 - 49 81 
Crude proteins ih cides wcdlng b 7.33 240 -49 118 
Morne DING ss pie:ti's 55 Scie rein ee 32.11 1056 5 528 
Nitrogen-free extract ........... 48.75 1602 63 1009 
RRM oc pe ata ican ae ee 100 3287 1736 


With our present knowledge we must hold such results not as conclu- 
sive, but rather as tentative and suggestive. They will, however, be of 
‘value to such as will use them with discretion. 

Nutritive ratio. The relation between the digestible nitrogenous 
substances of a food, and the sum of its digestible, non-nitrogenous 
organic substances, is termed the nutritive ratio. In making up the sum 
of the non-nitrogenous substances, two and one-half times the amount of 
fat given by the analysis is taken; for the fat in burning produces two and 
one-half times as much heat as the starch, etc., and, hence, is assumed to 
have two and one-half times as much food value. The nutritive ratio 
of the sample of timothy considered above is thus formed: 


( (81 X 2.5 = 202.5) + 528 + 1009 = 1739.5) + 118 = 14.8. 


‘ 


The best nutritive ratio may be determined, approximately, for each — 


class of stock; but, in general, a large proportion of nitrogenous sub-, 
stance, which makes the nutritive ratio small, is held to show a high food - 


value, for this substance is the most useful food nutrient. \ 


GENERAL STATEMENT. , 


Four grasses, timothy, Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, and 
meadow fescue, and two clovers, medium red and mammoth red, were 
used in the investigation. Incidentally there was some comparison of 
the varieties. 

Tracts were selected which promised an even and a full yield. They 
were divided into plats each one rod square. 

Two or more plats of each species were cut at each time of cutting, 
so that accidental variations might be in a measure overcome. 

The grass, or clover, was shaken out after cutting, and turned once 
or twice. If left out over night, it was shocked. The weather was usually 
favorable, and the hay was mostly of good quality. When dry enough for 
storage the hay was weighed, chopped in a feed cutter, carefully mixed, 
and samples were analyzed by the Station chemists, Dr. Manns, B. Ta- 
tarian, and H. S. Grindley. 


TimotHy (Phleum pratense). 


The timothy, which was substantially pure, was cut at four dates, 
June 25th, July 2d, 11th, and 23d, four plats at each date. The plats, 
numbered 27-42, were in a row; and to eliminate, as far as possible, any 
variations in land or yield from the averages of the cuttings, plats 27, 31, 


144 : BG BULLETIN NO. 5. [AZay, 


35, and 39 were cut the first time; ‘the second time, plats 28, 32, 36, and 
4o, etc. [Diagram (e), p. 153.] 

June 25th, the timothy had been in full bloom two days—a few Hedda 
a little longer. July 2d, it had shed its pollen and half its anthers. July 
rrth, the seeds were in the dough and either the whole or the tips of the 
lower leaves were brown. 

The hay from the first cutting was but moderately well cured. Plats 
27 and 31 were cut between tr o’clock a. m. and noon; plats 35 and 39, 
between 1 and 20’clock p.m. The hay from the plats first cut contained, 
when weighed, 24.6 per cent. of water; that from the plats cut later in 
the day, 28.46 per cent. of water. The hay from plats cut at the bik 
quent dates was excellently well cured. 


Composition [Table 1]. The first cutting, which was not a cesadtty. 


cured, being left out, twelve lots of thoroughly field-cured hay, cut at 
three dates, contained an average of 21.93 per cent. of water. The aver- 
age per cent. of air-dry timothy hay is put at 10.21 in No. 39; but prob- 
ably samples dried in the laboratory were included. Atwater makes 12.5 
per cent. or one-eighth of the whole, a fair average of water in timothy 
hay in barns in New England. If we accept this average for timothy hay 
in the barn, the loss on hay put into the mow in condition as above would 
be 215 pounds in the ton after storage. ‘ 

‘In general, as the timothy ripened there was a decrease in the per 
cent. of crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein, and an increase of crude 
fibre and nitrogen-free extract. The exceptions were that the per cent. 
of ash was greater in the third than in the second cutting; that the per 
cent. of crude protein was greater in the fourth than in the third cutting; 
that the per cent. of crude fibre was greater in the third than in the 
fourth cutting; and that the percentage of nitrogen-free extract was 
greater in the first than in the second cutting. Jordan found a larger per 


- cent. of crude fibre in timothy when nearly ripe than when in full bloom; 


while Ladd found a larger per cent. of nitrogen-free extract at full bloom. 
Atwater, whose percentage of fat was small, found an increase of fat and 
a decrease of nitrogen-free extract in timothy nearly ripe. Richardson’s 


analyses are marked by a large percentage of crude protein and a small 


percentage of crude fibre. Otherwise, the results correspond in general 


- with those of the Station. 


Yield. Table 2 shows an increase of field-cured hay during the first 
two periods between cuttings, and a slight decrease in the third. There 
was a constant increase of water-free substance from the first to the last 
cutting. The average yield of the first two cuttings was two and one-fifth 
tons of field-cured hay per acre; of the last two, two and three-fifths tons. 
Similar averages of water-free substance were one and two-thirds and two 
tons, respectively. The largest increase in yield was between the second 
and third cuttings. There was a greater average yield of all the nutri- 
ents, fat excepted, at the last two cuttings than at the first two. The 
increase was mostly in crude fibre, 273 pounds, and nitrogen-free extract, 


y 
eo 


ee ee ee 


aaa. i 
us ; rire “ . 


ee } 


1889.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 145) 


376 pounds. Jordan found a decrease in the crude protein and an 


increase in the crude fat, while Atwater found a decrease of crude protein 
and ash at the last two cuttings, on an average. 

If we assume equal digestibility for the hay secured at. the several 
dates, there was, using Jordan’s co-efficients of digestibility [ Zad/e 7], an 


average of 1,773 pounds of digestible organic substance per acre at the _ 
first two cuttings, and 2,148 at the last two, or fifty-three per cent. of the. 


water-free substance. In like manner Jordan found 1,404 pounds and 
1,684 pounds; and Atwater, 1,647 pounds at first two cuttings, and 1,845 
pounds at last two. 


The nutritive ratio increased from the first to the third cutting, and. 


slightly decreased from the third to the fourth. Jordan and Atwater 
both found a larger nutritive ratio’‘than was found here. 

These experiments, while conflicting in some points, indicate in gen- 
eral that although the quality of the hay may be better from grass cut at 


full bloom than from the late cut grass, the yield of timothy is greater 
when late cut. According to the test here, there was no considerable - 


increase in yield from the time the seed was in the dough until the grass 
was nearly ripe. Atwater, however, found a considerable increase during 
that period. 


1 


KENTUCKY BLUE GRAss (Poa pratensis). 


' Eight plats [Diagram (a), p. 153] of Kentucky blue grass were cut at. 
two stages of ripeness—Nos. 1, 3, 5, and 7, June 14th, seeds in the milk; . 


Nos. 2 and 6, June 21st, Nos. 4 and 8, June 22d,seeds ripe. From 80 togo 
per cent. of the crop was blue grass; the rest was mostly timothy. One 
would have pronounced it almost pure blue grass on a casual glance, and 
it was as nearly pure as is usually found. The hay of the first cutting 
was well cured; that of the second was not. A heavy rain, which fell on 
plats 2 and 6 five hours after they were cut, bleached the hay’somewhat. 

The investigation of blue grass was extended to take in plats of past- 
ure land. ‘The grass on these plats had been cut with a machine July rst 
and after that date was left to grow until cut for this experiment. The 
grass on 16 plats was cut on as many different days from July 30th to 
September roth. The weather was hot and dry, and the grass was grow- 
ing slowly. | Equal quantities of water-free substance of each cutting 
were mixed and the sample thus obtained was analyzed February goth, the 
grass (aftermath or fog) was cut with a sickle on a square rod of the same 


pasture, and the grass weighed and sampled. The growth since July rst © 


had been from 4 to 8 inches, averaging about 6 inches. There was a little 
live grass which was about 4 inches high. 
Composition [Table 1]. At the first cutting the seeds of the blue 
grass were in the milk; at the second cutting, a week later, they were 
ripe. During ths time the percentage of crude fibre and of nitrogen- 
free extract increased slightly; that of the crude ash, crude fat, and 
crude protein increased. Scovell found similar changes, but much more 


146 ‘BULLETIN NO. 5. (May, 


marked, except in the crude fibre, from the time the grass was well 
headed until it had been ripe two weeks. Richardson found variations 
in the crude fat; Scovell found a much larger per cent. of crude protein, 
and a smaller per cent. of crude fibre in pasture grass than was found 
here. The grass from the winter pasture contained much less crude pro- 
tein and more nitrogen-free extract than the summer pasture. Other- 
wise, the results of analyses made elsewhere are in general similar to. 
those obtained here. j 

Yield [ Table 2]. . The average yield of field-cured hay at the first 


cutting was one and two-thirds tons; at the second, two tons, and of 


water-free substance, 2,508 pounds at the first, and 2,907 at the second. 
There was an increase in all the nutrients during the ripening. This may 
have been due, in part, to the timothy, of which, it will be remembered, 
there was a small percentage mixed with the blue grass; for the timothy 
was heading at the first cutting, and developed rapidly during the week 
before the second cutting. 

The average yield per acre of fresh blue grass pasture, cut at 16 dates 
from July 30th to September roth, was rather less thantwotons. The plat 
cut in February yielded at the rate of two and ahalf tons per acre. The 
yield of water-free substance from the summer pasture, was at the rate of 
1,991 pounds per acre; from the winter pasture, 2,813, an increase of over 
800 pounds in all, which consisted of crude ash, crude fibre, and nearly 
600 pounds of nitrogen-free extract. These somewhat phenomenal results. 
need a word of explanation. The pasture had not been grazed in the 
spring and was mown with an ordinary machine July 1st. The cutting 
with the sickle, four to ten weeks later, was made close to the ground, 
and thus much grass was secured which the machine had missed. 


Table 3 shows for the blue grass hay an increase of 200 pounds of 


digestible organic substance per acre, and a slight increase of all the 
nutrients from the time the seeds were in the milk until they were ripe. 
The yield of digestible substance on the summer pasture was about as 
great as on the meadow that was mowed; and was greater in mid-winter 
on a pasture that had not been grazed or cut since July rst. These 
results come from assuming a much higher digestibility for the grass 
than for the hay [See Description or TaBLes, Zadle 3, p. 157], and they 
need to be verified before they are used as the basis for any general con- 
clusions. 


ORCHARD Grass (Dactylis glomerata). 


Six plats [Diagram (6), ~. 753] of orchard grass were cut at two. 
periods of growth— Nos. 9, 12, and 14, June 14th, whenin full bloom; No. 
11, June 21st, and Nos. ro and 13, June 22d, when the seeds were in the 
milk. ‘The panicles were green, tinged with purple. About three-fourths. 
of the grass was orchard grass; the rest was mostly blue grass. The hay 
of the first cutting was well cured, but not of the second. That from plat 
11 was bleached by rain. 


; 
‘ 


— 


RS a, eT 


1889.) TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 147 

Composition [Table 1]. The well cured hay contained a little more © 
than one-fourth of its weight of water. The late cut hay was not well » 
cured and contained over one-third its weight of water. 

The average per cent. of crude ash and of nitrogen-free extract 
increased, and that of ‘crude fat, protein, and fibre decreased between the 
first and second cuttings. Goessmann found an increase during the 
same period in the per cent. of nitrogen- -free extract, it being from 1,090 
to 1,446 pounds. 

According to the digestion co-efficients, as determined by Jordan and 
Ladd [ Zad/e 3], 1,371 pounds of organic substance in the first cutting, 
and 1,655 pounds in the second were digestible. There was an increase 
in the nutritive ratio and an increase in the amount digestible of each 
nutrient from the time of full bloom until the seeds were in the milk. ~ 


* 


MEADOW FESCUE (Festuca pratensis). 


A tract two rods square, of pure meadow fescue, the. third year from 
seed, was divided into plats one rod square, Nos. 15-18 [Diagram, (c), p. 
153]. The stand was thin. Plats 16 and 17 were cut June 14th, when 
about one-kalf the heads had seeds in the milk, and the other half were 
in blossom. Plats 15 and 18 were cut one week later, when the seeds 
varied from the milk to the dough stage. The spikelets were yellowish 
and the seeds shelled off easily. 

Composition [Table 1]. The hay of the first cutting was well cured 
and. contained nearly 29 per cent. of water. That of the second cutting 
was only fairly cured and contained 32 per cent. of water. 

The percentage of crude ash and of nitrogen-free extract increased, 
and of crude protein and of crude fibre decreased during ripening. The 
average per cent. of crude fat remained the same. The analyses of the 
first cutting here compared with Ladd’s analyses, show a larger per cent. 
of crude ash, fat, and fibre, and a smaller per cent. of crude protein and 
of nitrogen-free extract. Richardson’s analysis is marked by a large per 
cent. of crude protein, and a small per cent. of crude fibre. Goessmann 
found in meadow fescue hay in seed a very small per cent. of crude fat. 

Yield. The field-cured hay averaged one ton per acre at the first 
cutting; at the second, a little more than one and one-fifth tons [ Zable 2}. 
Of water-free substance there were 1,424 pounds at the first cutting; at 
the second, 1,954. ‘There was an increase in yield in all nutrients during 
ripening [ Zad/e 3]. ' 


MEDIUM RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense). 


Eight plats [Diagram (d@), p. 5.3] were cut at two stages of ripeness— 
plats 19-22 June 14th, when the clover was in full bloom, one head in five 
being considerably brown; plats 23 and 24, June 2tst, when three-fourths 
of the heads were dead and a few of the leaves were brown. Before any 
cutting was done, plats 23 to 26 seemed to have more clover than the other 
plats. At the first cutting the leaves were well cured while the stems 


7 


\ 
. 


\ : . 4 xa 
‘ é ¢ 
j { r ’ > ¥ t : ’ ee 


me ie BULLETIN NO. he ; + Lahey. 


were still green in color and texture. At ihe second cutting the lees was 
cured in the barn after plats 23 and 24 had received a heavy rain which 
bleached the leaves. 

- Composition | Table 1]. The per cent. of crude ash, fat, and protein 
decreased, and of crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract increased during 
ripening. Jordan found similar variations, except that nitrogen-free 
extract decreased on the whole. He found a greater increase in the crude 
fibre than was found here. Atwater found an increase in crude fat after 


the plant was nearly out of bloom. Richardson found a large per cent. 


of crude protein and a small percent. of crude fibre. In aftermath the 


«per cent. of crude fat increased during ripening, and in samples taken in 


New Hampshire the per cent. of crude ash increased. In general, how- 
ever, there was a decrease in the per cent. of crude ash, fat, and protein, 
and an increase in the per cent. of crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract. 
Although there were exceptions, Voelcker also found a decrease in the per 


cent. of crude ash and nitrogenous matter, and an increase in the non- 


nitrogenous matter during the growth and maturing of the plant. 
. Yield [ Table 2]. It was said above, that the plats which were cut 
last seemed to have a larger growth of clover; but those first cut gave 


_ the larger yield both of field-cured hay and of water-free substance. 


There was a slight increase of crude fibre, but a decrease in all the other 
nutrients from the time of full bloom until. three-fourths of the heads 


were brown. 


Atwater found an increase in yield until the clover was nearly out of 
bloom, and thereafter a decrease. Voelcker found a rapid increase in 
yield from April 15th to May 26th, a gradual increase from May 26th to 
June 16th, and; with slight exception, a gradual decrease from that date. 

Table 3 shows that the total of digestible organic substance was, 


at full bloom, 1,445 pounds per acre, and when three-fourths of the heads 


were dead, 1,283 pounds. There was a less quantity of each of the nutri- 


ents at the later stage of Gitte The nutritive ratio increased during 


-~ 


the ripening. 


MAMMOTH RED CLOVER (Trifolium medium). 


_ Ten plats [Diagram (/), p. 753] were cut at three periods of growth 
—Nos. ‘43, 47, 51, and 55 June 30th when the clover was just beginning 
to blossom, about one head in ten being in bloom; Nos. 45, 49, and 53 


_ July r1th when about one-half the heads were in full bloom and some 


were turning brown, and when the stems were already lodged; Nos. 46, 50, 
‘and 54 July 23d, when three-fourths of the heads were brown (containing 
ripe seeds), and when the lower leaves were brown and dead. The hay 


. from each cutting was well cured when weighed and sampled. 


Composition [ Table 1]. The per cent. of crude ash, fat, and protein 
decreased during ripening; though with some irregularity, the crude fibre 
and nitrogen-free extract increased. The exceptions were that the nitro- 
gen-free extract decreascd from the first to the second cutting, and the 


ee 


ee a a 


—_ 


/ 


1889. ] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 149 


crude fibre from the second to the third. The sum of these two nutrients 
increased during each period. | 

The percentage of water in the field-cured hay decreased with each 
cutting. At the last it contained 19.53 per cent. which was the least 
average per cent. of water in any of the field-cured hays of this experi- 
ment. 

Yield. The average yield per acre of field-cured hay from the clover 
cut when just beginning to bloom, was a little over two tons; from the 
clover in full bloom, nearly two and three-fourths tons; and from that 
nearly out of bloom, about two tons. The yield per acre of water-free 
substance at the three cuttings was 3,196, 4,038, and 3,392 pounds, respect- 


ively. The yield of all the nutrients was largest in the hay from clover 


cut when in full bloom. 

According to Table 3 there were 2,036 pounds of digestible organic 
substance at the first cutting, 2,299 at the second; and 1,806 at the third. 
Fat excepted, there was the largest digestible quantity of all the nutrients 
at full bloom. ‘The rapid deterioration in composition and in yield of 
clovers during ripening is, in part at least, due to loss of the leaves and 
finer parts. On this account the value of a crop of clover hay depends 
much upon the skill with which it is harvested. 


WEIGHT OF GREEN SUBSTANCE. 


The day when each grass or clover was cut, a sample of the green 
substance was taken and the percentage of water in it ascertained. This 
being known, the weight of green substance per acre was easily computed. 
As given in Table 6, there was from 53.31 to 67.25 per cent. of water in 
the grasses, and from 68.19 to 76.05 per cent. of water in the clovers. - 
The clovers contained about ten per cent. more water than the grasses. 
The per cent. of water decreased in each instance with the growth of the 
plant. In every case the green plant contained over one-half its weight 
of water. 

The yield per acre of green substance varied in the grasses from three 
and one-half to four and three-quarters tons, and in the clovers from four 
and two-fifths to seven and three-fourths tons. The grasses lost while 
curing, from one and three-fourths to two and three-fifths tons. 


IN GENERAL. 


An analysis of the results embodied in the tables given shows that 
while there are marked exceptions, there is, in’ general, a decrease in the 
per cent. of water, crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein, and an increase 

‘in the per cent. of crude fibre, and nitrogen-free extract as the plant 
matures during that period within which it is at all practicable to harvest 
the crop for hay. The increase of the non-nitrogenous over the nitrog- 
enous portions has such few exceptions that they may be attributed to 
accidental variations of sampling. The decrease in the per cent. of fat is 
quite general, but there are marked exceptions. 


150 BULLETIN NO. 5. [ May, 


An increase in the per cent. of crude ash is often accompanied by a 
decrease in crude fibre. Unusual variations in the percentage of crude 
ash may occur through an accumulation of dirt from various causes on 
the exterior of the plants, and these will change the relative proportion 
of the other substances. The increase in the per cent. of nitrogen-free 
extract is fairly general. The decrease of the crude protein and the 
increase of the crude fibre is more rapid in the clovers than in the grasses. 

The increase of yield of the grasses from the period of full bloom 
until seeds are formed is appreciable. There is an increase of all the 
food nutrients, but the increase is most marked in the crude fibre and 
nitrogen-free extract. With timothy, orchard grass, and meadow fescue, 
there was, according to the experiments at this Station, an increase of six 
hundred pounds of water-free substance, or an average increase of one- 
fourth their weight from the full bloom until seeds were formed. With 
the clovers there was a decrease of yield after the period of full bloom 
(when about one-half the heads are in full bloom). There was a decrease 
in all the nutrients, with the exception of crude fibre, in which there is 
sometimes an appreciable increase. Last season medium and mammoth 
red clovers decreased about 375 pounds, a decrease of one-ninth from the 
period of full bloom until three-fourths of the heads were dead, the greater 
decrease occurring in the mammoth clover. Since part, at least, of the 
decrease is due to the loss of the leaves and finer parts as the plant ripens 
and is handled in harvesting, the loss would be greater, probably, in 
ordinary practice than in this experiment, as the care taken in handling 
while harvesting is usually less than was taken here. 

- According to the digestion experiments of German investigators there 
is a rapid decrease in the digestibility of clover after full bloom, and this 
still further reduces the value. ; 

Whether the decrease in the digestibility of the grasses after full 
bloom will offset the increase of yield has not yet been determined. Pre- 
-sumably, the decrease in digestibility is not so rapid with the grasses as 
with the clovers. 

With an ordinary yield the loss of water while curing in the field may 
be from two to five tons per acre; the loss is larger in the clovers than in 
“the grasses. The loss in weight by drying after storing may be from two 
to four hundred pounds per ton. 


COMPARISON oF Hays. 


In comparing the composition, as shown in Table 4, of the different 
forage plants cut for hay in this experiment, the most noticeable differ- 
ence is to be seen in the percentage of crude protein in the clovers as 
compared to the grasses. Medium red clover contained over twice as 
large a per cent. of this substance as did timothy. Mammoth red clover 
contained about 3 per cent. less than did medium red clover. Timothy 
is distinguished by containing the least percentage of crude ash, crude 


NS a ee 


1889.] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. I51 


fat, and crude protein, the largest percentage of nitrogen-free extract, and, 
with one exception, meadow fescue, the largest percentage of crude fibre 
of any of the species analyzed. Of the grasses, orchard grass contained 
the largest percentage of ash and crude protein, and Kentucky blue grass 
the largest percentage of fat. 

The analyses of mammoth red clover [77ifolium medium] published 
in this bulletin are believed to be the first published American analyses 
of this plant. This species is less known than the medium red clover 
[Zrifolium pratense). 

It is distinguished, agriculturally, by its larger and coarser growth, 
later maturity, and by the fact that it usually yields but one crop ina 
season. It is more esteemed as a renovater of old and poor lands than the © 
medium red clover, on account of its larger growth; but on rich lands its 
coarseness is considered by many an objection. Its ripening when tim- 
othy does is a point in its favor for sowing with that plant. Except for 
its larger growth and later ripening, it is not readily distinguished from 
medium red clover. The results obtained last year with the two clovers 
are comparable, the soil, cultivation, etc., being similar. Table 4 shows 
a larger percentage of crude fibre and a smaller percentage of crude pro- 
tein, ash, and fat than in medium clover. In other words, the analyses 
indicated that the medium clover hay is the better food. The average of 
33 American analyses, compiled by Jenkins, more nearly corresponds 
to those of the mammoth red clover than to those of the medium red 
clover as determined here. 

Yield.—Table 4 gives yield of each kind of hay harvested. While 
the results are not strictly comparable on account of the varying 
location of the tracts from which they were harvested, the stage of 
ripeness when harvested, and other modifying influences, still the soil 
was not radically different, and the climatic influences of course 
were the same. In yield, both of field-cured hay and water-free sub- 
stance, timothy leads the list, followed by mammoth red clover, orchard 
grass, Kentucky blue grass, medium red clover, and meadow fescue. 

Of timothy there were about two and two-fifths tons, of mammoth 
red clover two and one-third tons, of orchard grass two and one-eighth 
tons, of Kentucky blue grass one and four-fifths tons, of medium red clover _ 
one and three-fourths tons, of meadow fescue one and one-fourth tons of 
field-cured hay per acre; of dry or water-free substance there were one 
and four-fifths, one and three-fourths, one and one-half, one and one-third. 
one and one-fourth tons, and four-fifths of a ton per acre, respectively. 
Mammoth red clover gave the largest yield of crude protein, nearly twice 
as much as timothy hay. Next to mammoth red clover in yield of this 
substance stands medium red clover, followed by orchard grass, timothy, 
Kentucky blue grass, and meadow fescue. In yield of crude fat they 
stand in the same order, except that timothy stands third instead of 
orchard grass. Timothy gives the largest yield of crude fibre, followed 
by mammoth red clover, orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, medium red 


155 | BULLETIN NO. 5. - [ May, 


‘clover, and meadow fescue. In yield of nitrogen-free extract the order 
is the same. 

In computing the yield of digestible substance, as given in Table 4, 
the digestion co-efficients ascertained by several investigators have been 
used, as already explained in detail. 

The most striking fact with reference to this part of table is the much 
_ larger proportion of digestible nitrogenous matter in orchard grass hay 
than in timothy hay, as shown by the nutritive ratios, that of. orchard 
grass hay being 8.5, and that of timothy 16.6. This is in part due to the 
former’s larger percentage of crude protein, and in part due to the larger 
percentage of digestible crude protein in orchard grass hay, as deter- 
mined by Jordan and Ladd. [DeEscriprion or TABLES, Zable 3, p. 153.) 

While the yield of orchard grass was less than of timothy, the diges- 

tible organic substance being about three-fourths that of timothy, its com- 
position and digestibility indicate a better quality of hay for milch cows 
‘and growing stock. Orchard grass does not seem difficult to grow suc- 
cessfully in this state. It ripens with medium red clover, which makes it 
desirable for mixing with that plant. Nevertheless, its cultivation is 
adopted slowly. It has generally been held to be less readily eaten by 
stock than timothy, and the cost of the seed probably retards its adoption 
and general culture for meadows. As a pasture grass it is conceded to 
be inferior to Kentucky blue grass for this state. 


DESCRIPTION OF TABLES. 


Table z. In this table may be found the proximate composition of the hay from 
each plat, and the average composition of the hay from so many of the plats bearing the 
same variety of grass or clover as were cut at one time. Analyses are also given of the 
Kentucky blue grass, secured from the pasture in August and February in the way already 
described, p. 145. To these results, obtained at this Station, are added analyses by W. H. 
Jordan, of timothy, medium red clover [ Pa. State Coll. Rep’t 1886, p. 271], and orchard 
grass [Me. Exp’t Sta., Bull. No. 26, p. 7]; by E. F. Ladd, of timothy, meadow fescue 
[Sixth Rep’t N. Y. Exp’t Sta., p. 407], timothy, Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, and 
, medium red clover [V. Y. Exp’t Sta., bull. No. 14, New Series, p. 80]; by W. O. At- 

water, of timothy and medium red clover [Rep’t Conn. B’d of Agri. and Exp’t Sta., 
1878-9, p. 322]; by Clifford Richardson, of the four grasses and medium red clover [ Rep’¢ 

U.S. Dept Agri., 1880, p. 151; 1881-2, p. §51; 188}, p. 231]; by M. A. Scovell, of Ken- 
tucky blue grass [Xy. Agri. Exp’t Sta., Bull. No. 5, p. 237]; by C. A. Goessmann, of 
orchard grass and meadow fescue [Fifth Rep’t Mass. State Agri. Expt Sta., 1887, p. 
425]; by Wm. Frear, of medium red clover [Rep’¢ Pa. State Coll., 1887, Pt. 2, p. 112), 
an average of 55 American analyses of timothy and an average of 33 American analyses 
of medium red clover, both compiled by E. H. Jenkins [Rep’t Conn. Exp’t Sta. 1888, 
p- 90]. 

Table 2. This table gives for each plat the yield per acre of field-cured hay, of 
water-free substance, and of each of its constituents; and the average of these is given 
for each set of plats bearing the same variety of grass or clover which were cut at the 
same time. The yields are also given for the blue grass pasture. To this are added 
yields per acre, as ascertained by W. H. Jordan, for timothy and medium red clover 
[ Pa. State Coll. Rep’t 1886, p. 271]; by W. O. Atwater, for timothy and: medium red 


1889. ] TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. ay ke BS 
clover [Repf’t Conn. Bd Agri. and Exp’t Sta., 1878-9, p. 322]; by A. Voelcker, for 
medium red clover [| Four. Royal Agri. Soc., 1867, p. g1|. In Nos. 11-13 the weight of 
fresh substance was taken after five months drying; and in samples (a)-(1), the weight is 
calculated on the basis of the fresh substance containing 16.7 per cent. of water. 


Table 3. This table gives the yield of digestible substance calculated from the data 
given in Table 2, using for timothy, Kentucky blue grass hay, and meadow fescue, the 
co-efficients of digestion of timothy as determined by W. H. Jordan in four trials: Crude 
protein, .49; crude fat, .49; crude fibre, .50; nitrogen-free extract, .63 [Me. Axp’t Sta., 
Bull. No. 26, ~. 11\; for the blue grass from the pasture, the co-efficients of pasture as 
given by Julius Kuhn: Crude protein, .75; crude fat, .66; crude fibre, .73; nitrogen-free ~ 
extract, .79 [Armsby’s Manual Cattle Feeding, p. 487|; for orchard grass, the average of 
the co-efficients of digestion, as determined by E. F. Ladd [ Proceedings Ann. Meet. Soc. for 
Promotion Agri. Science, 1888, p. 96] and W. H. Jordan [Me. Expt Sta. Bull. No. 26, p. 
rr]: Crude protein, .59; crude fat, .54; crude fibre, .60; nitrogen-free extract, .55; for 
medium red clover and mammoth red clover, co-efficients of digestion determined by 
Julius Kuhn [Armsby’s Manual Cattle Feeding, p. 487], for Nos. 1-8, 12, and 5-7: Crude 
protein, .67; crude fat, .63; crude fibre, .48; nitrogen-free extract, -70; for Nos. 11, 13, 
and 8-10: Crude protein, .59; crude fat, .45; crude fibre, .39; nitregen-free extract, .71; 
for Nos. 1-4: Crude protein, .74; crude fat, .71; crude fibre, .56; nitrogen-free extract, .77. 
To this are added yields of timothy as ascertained by Jordan [Pa. State Coll., Aep’t 1880, 
pp. 2741-3], and by Atwater [Rep’t Conn. B’d Agri. and Exp’t Sta., 1878-9, p. 322.) 

Table 4g. In Table 6 are brought together, for purposes of comparison, the facts as 
to composition, yield per acre of field-cured hay, and yield of digestible substance, devel- 
oped in the experiment conducted here with the four grasses and two clovers named. 


Table 5. This table gives the proximate composition, as determined by A. Voelcker 
[ Four. Royal Agri. Soc. 1867, p~. 41), of fresh medium red clover cut at twelve dates, 
from April 15th to July 28th. Voelcker’s report gives nothing in regard to the 
maturity of the plant at the different cuttings. Evidently the cutting was begun soon 
after the clover started in the spring, and it must have been entirely ripe at the last 
cutting. 


Table 6. See Weight of Green Substance, p. 149. 


DIAGRAMS OF PLATS. 


I 
9 Oo 

ee (6) |—_|—— (a) shes Ectald Me de ae 
ae Ad seg 13 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 

3 

4 

(a) \— cnt RS 

nag 44 48 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 56 oe 16 
Pe ie 28 kang Ged oan eee ena eer: cee Gea ak eg ae 
: 43 | 45 | 47 1 49 | 51 1 53 | 55 171 

7 

8 


(e) |27 | 28| a9| 30| 31 | 32 | 33 | 34| 35 | 36| 37 | 38| 39 | 40 | ar | 42 | 


(a) Kentucky blue grass. (d) Medium red clover. 
(4) Orchard grass. (e) Timothy. 
(¢) Meadow fescue, (f) Mammoth red clover, 


A pie oe en 


154 


ZABLE 1. 


BULLETIN NO. 5. 


[ May, 


PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF HAYS FROM GRASSES AND CLOVERS; STAGE 


oF GROWTH WHEN CUT; DATE oF CUTTING; PERCENTAGE OF WATER; COMPOSI- 
TION OF WATER-FREE SUBSTANCE; NITROGEN. 


‘ON 


es) ~ Water-free substance. Nitrogen 
2 s 
oi 2 QA : Q Q pen me 
at ot Stage of growth. g, me = oda & ss es Fy & co eae 3 
3% 2 ze) | (s*| & [eae] 2 
= ) ~~ = oO 
Timothy. 
27| 51 23.61|| 6.99} 5.07) 7 [31.1 |49.84||1.12| .98 
31| 52/Full bloom. Has been Jane 2 25.58|| 6.84] 4.59] 7-43/32-37/48-77||1-19| -98 
35} 53) in full bloom 2 days. 5 28.03|| 6.14] 4.77) 7  |33-91/48.18||1.12| .98 
39| 54 28.88] 7.27) 5.58) 7.87/31.08|48.2 ||1.26) .o1 
Av. Ist cutting. ... 26.53}]| 6.81) 5 7.33/32-11/48.75||1.17| .96 
28| 61 20.86], 6.79} 4.59} 6.56/35.21/46.85||1 .05|1 .02 
32| 62|/One-half anthers shed. July 2 21.59] 6.49] 4.28] 7 /35 07/47.16||1.12)1.05 
36} 63 y 20.03!} 6.791 4.37) 6.56/32.31|49.97||I .05|I .02 
40| 64/Pollen shed. 20.53|| 6.54] 4.58) 6.12/32.37|50.39 
Av. 2d cutting. .... 20.75|| 6.65! 4.46] 6.56/33.74/48.59||1 .05|1 .02 
29| 72| : 23.32|| 6.14] 3.44] 5.25/33.66/51.51|| -84| .84 
33| 73\Seed in dough, July 11 23.9 || 8.19} 4.15| 6.56/33.1 |48 1.05| .98 
37| 74\lower leaves partly Y *" |\23.17|| 5.79} %4.07] 6.12133.48]50.54]| .98| .98 
41| 75|brown. 23.24|| 6.79] 3.61] 6.56)37.55/45-49||1-05| .98 
Ay. 3d cutting..... 23.41|| 6.73} 3.81] 6.12/34.45|4: .98| .95 
30| 85 22.72|| 6.19| 3.36] 6.12/32.08)52.25]| .98 - 
34| 86|Seeds in % to % of July 2 22.48] 5.69} 3.36; 6.12/34.19|50.64]| .98| .84 
39| $7|the heads ripe. bay Sass 22.72\| 5.84] 3.58} 6.56/34.89/49.13||1.05| .gI 
42) 88/14 leaves brown. 18.63]| 5.89] 3.21} 6,12/34.1 |50.68]| .98) .g1 
Av. 4th cutting.... 21.64)! 5-9 | 3.38] 6.23/33.82/50.67]|1 gI 
W. H. Fordan. 
Av. 4 Anal., in bloom. || 1881-2 ||12.5 || 4.06] 2.38) 6.51|/38.54/48.51/|I .04 
Av. 4 Anal,, nearly ripe.|| 1881-2 ||12.5 || 3.6 | 2.49] 5.38/35.8 |52.73|| -86 
W. O. Atwater. * Purje ash|. 
Well headed out. 1876 |/12.5 |\*4.69) 1.95} 9-57133-03|50-74/|1-53 
In full bloom. 1876 |/12.5 ||*4.35| 1.96] 7.12/33.28/53-29||1.14 
Out of bloom. 1876 ||12.5 ||*4.15| 1.75] 7-06|33.78153.26]|1. 13 
Nearly ripe. 1876 ||12.5 ||*3.65| 1.97| 6.81/35.43/52.14)|1.09 
&. F. Ladd. 
Av. 3 Anal., full bloom.|| 1887 |/15.35]| 5.14] 2.95] 7-98/31-64|52.29)|1.27 
Av. 3 Anal., late cut. 1887 |/15.35]| 4.32 28 6.31/35.03|51.54||1.O1 
Av. 21 Anal., full bloom)| .... — |/15.35|| 4.91| 3-18) 7-79/31-75|52:37||1-25 
Clifford Richardson. 1880, 
Spike invisible. June 1 || 7.85|| 8.68) 4.56)12.54/19.91/54.31|/2-O1|1.31 
Spike visible. June || 8.8 || 6.41) 3.4 |11.9 |21.03/57.26|/1.86/1.31 
Before bloom. June 23 || 6.8 || 9.82| 3.63|10.33/22.03/54.19]|1.65/1.29 
Early bloom. June 23 || 5.6 || 6.04] 3.85|10.2 |22.7 |57.21||1.63/1.33 
Full bloom, June 18 || 6.3 || 5.66) 3.58] 9.9 |21.93/58.93|/1.58/1.2 
Early seed. June 18 || §.95||10.53) 3-4 |12.2 |22.9 |50.07)|I.93|1.42 
In bloom. June 4 || 7.05)| 6.56) 3.95| 8.48)23.53;57-48]|1 .36)1.06 
Full bloom. July 1 6.1 || 5.64) 2.98) 7.46/22.84/61.08}|1.19) .83 
Spike invisible. 1881 7.5 || 5-19] 4.6 | 9.66\23.46/57.09 |1.55|1-25 
Spike visible. 1881 7 4-73| 4-22) 9-61/25.34/56.1 ||/1.54/1.09 
In bloom. 1881 6 4-57| 4-2 | 5.79|28.28)57.16| .93| .83 
After bloom. 1881 7.1 || 3.88] 3.23| 5.25)29.92/58.72); .84) .69 
Early seed. 1881 6.5 || 3.02] 2.7 | 5.41|26.03/62.05|} .87| .69 
&. H. Fenkins. 
Av 55 Am. Anal. 10.21|| 4.671 2.36] 6.85'33.8 |52.32!|1.1 


1889. ] 


155 


TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 
TABLE 1. CONTINUED. 
0 2 Water-free substance. Nitrogen 
& S 
a) o o o 0 alals > 
sy @) = + lo ons} 
Z\&| 2 | Stage of growth. g ‘ = a a e| € |6 = aes 
Oo |e ° 09 a ae Sh 2 te a ye 
: vo g a Yo o |29 fe) 5 
o|o ae < en se i} Ss | & 
& 8 Bl eis | eis Fis 
BS ea ee pe Pe) ss 
Kentucky blue || grass. 
40 |1| 22/Seeds in milk. 22.46|| 9.5 | 4.38} 8.31132.14/45.67)|1.33|1.26 
41 |3} 23 June 14 ||23-43]| 9-9 | 4.58] 7-87|32.04|45.61|/1.26)1.26 
42 15 | 24 26.47|| 7-85} 5.53} 8.31132-49/45.82||1.33/1.26 
43 |7| 25 25.07|| 9.8 | 4.54] 8.85132.61/44.2 ||I.4 |1.19 
Av. Ist cutting..... 24.36]| 9.26) 4.76} 8.33]32.32/45.33)|1-33/1-24 
2 “40 Head yellowish. June 21 |/23.69||10.17| 4.13) 7.87/33-72|44-11||1.26|1.12 
45 |4] 42/Seeds ripe. June 22 ||25.36|| 9.6 | 4.49] 8.75]32.77/44-39||1.4 |1.12 
46. |6| 43/Some timothy in June 21 |/32.82|| 7.54) 4.21] 7-87/30.41\49.97)|1.26|1.12 
47 |8!| 46|bloom. June 22 ||29.32|| 8.09] 3.91| 7.87|35-16|44.97||1.26)1.12 
‘ Av. 2d cutting..... 27.8 || 8.85] 4.18} 8.09]33.02/45.86||1.29|1.12 
48 | |113|Summer pasture. July 30 ae 
: Sept. £0 |/47.05|! 8.49) 4.74/15.55/28.95|42-27||/2.48/2.17 
49 128| Winter pasture. F’b g,’89}/44.18}]|10.34) 3.11|10.7 |25.06/50.79|/1.71/1.58 
E. F. Ladd. ‘ 
50 Hay. 15.35|| 4-91] 3-58] 7-72|32.24/51-55/)1 .24 
M. A. Scovel: 
51 About 5 inches high. 11.07|| 9.12] 5.78/26.29]21.61|37.2 ||4.21 
52 Headed, not in blos’m. 8.78|| 9.12| 4.01/17.83}31.89|37.1 ||2.86 
53 Ripe about 2 weeks. 16.09|| 5.59) 2-4 | 8.42/31.9 |51.69/|1.35 
Clifford Richardson. 1880. 
54 Panicle just visible. April 23 || 6.65|| 8.07) 4.88]19.88]18.43/48.74//3.18)2.7 
55 Panicle spreading. May 1 || 7.15|| 5-57| 4-07|16.21/22.83/51.32//2.68/2 38 
56 Full bloom. May 21 || 6.98|| 8.3 | 3.9 |12.61/23.76|51.43)|2.01|1.99 
57 In seed. June 5 || 7-55]; 6-38) 4.25|12.49/24.34/52.54||2  |1.63 
58 Panicle closed. April 27)| 6.95|| 6.61) 3.92/12.23/21.92/55.32/|1.96|1.84 
59 In full bloom. May 8 || 6 7.02) 2.85] 7.82/25.49|/56.85]|1.28!1.18 
60 After bloom, brown. June 1 || 7.35|| 7-23) 3-92| 8.88/23.85/56.12||1 .42|1.17 
61 Full bloom. May 1 6.15]| 7-73) 3-41|10.44/23.1 |55-32||1.67/1.53 
62 In seed, brown. June g 7.45|| 6.21) 3.51] 7.36/24.34/58.58||1. 18/1 .03 
63 Before bloom. May 10 || 6.15]| 8.42) 4.99)19.38/21.87|45.34|/3.1 |2.47 
64 In bloom. May 17 || 5.95]| 7-82) 3-77|15-09/24.93|48.39/|2.41/1.9 
65 After bloom. May 27 || 5-15]| 9-07| 3.3 |12.36/22.75|52.51||1.97|1.62 
Orchard grass. 
66 |9| 26\In full bloom. 26.2 || 9.85} 4.68)10.06|32.86/42.55]|1.61|1.4 
67 |12| 27 June 14 |/28.21 38 4.84|10.93/33.48/41.25|/1.75|1.68 
68 |14| 28 24.81|| 8.85) 4.51|10.5 |36.56/39.58|/1.68]1.61 
Ay. Ist cutting..... 26.41)|| 9-4 | 4.68/10.49/34.3 |41.13]/1.68]/1.56 
69 |11| 45|Seeds in milk. June 21 35.49 10.64| 3.65] 9.62/35,45|40.64 1.54|1.26 
70 |10| 41/Heads green in color.|| June 22 ||33.69)|10.72| 4.75| 8.75|31.73144 1.4 |1.4 
71 \13| 44|/Tinged with purple. June 22 |/31.62/| 9.49] 4.03} 9.62/26.24|50.62|/1.54)1.26 
Av. 2d cutting. ..... 33-6 ||10.28) 4.14] 9.33/31.16|45.09] £. 49/1 .31 
C. A; Goessmann. 1880. ee a 
72 In bloom, 2 Anal. g.13|| 8.28) 2.4 |10.12/34.13|45.07 1 62 
73 In seed, 2 Anal. June 4 |) g'ce!| 5.891 3.41! 7.86135.63147.28| 1.26 


\ 


156 BULLETIN NO. 5. [May, 
TABLE 1. CONTINUED. - 
s) © Water-free substance. Nitrogen 
a Q és $i _— 
'A\S| 5) Stage of growth. g of a of e| ¢ a2 3 =: 
2 '4) 2 eg |e |) | Blee| & lesl a] g 
: Oo; 0 = = rs} “0a + he 
mobs =. S p = 15 S |e sg P| § 
a |/8 eae tees in ae at a 
Ce Orchard grass.—||Con?’d. 
_ |Clifford Richardson. 1880. 
74 Panicle not out. April 23)| 5.75||10.29| 4.12/15.97|18.76)50.86)|2.49/1.48 
75 |. Panicle closed. May 4 || 7.35|| 8.26) 3.13/10.39/23.18/55.04||1.63/1.63 
70 Full bloom. May 13 || 6.4 || 8.07) 3.24) 9.53/25.4 |53-76)|1.53/1-37 
77 After bloom. June 1 || 8.84)| 9.01) 2.83) 8.25/27.26/52.65)|1.32| .99 
78 In bloom. Late growth.|| June 18 || 6.25/| 8.64) 3.98)12.51/24.67/50.2 |/I.99|/1.22 
79 Late bloom. June 23 || 6.65|| 6 3-62] 8.62/24.42/57.34||/1.38] .96 
80 Seed nearly ripe. July 1 || 6.4 || 6.73) 3-34! 7-3 |25.09/57-54]|1.16| .71 
81 Early bl’m, Av. 2 Anal. ; 8.77| 3-83/11.4 |24.82/51.18]/1.8 |1.1 
82 Full bloom, Av. 6 Anal. 7.38] 3-33} 8.91|25.19|55-17||1.43/1.07 
W. H. Fordan. a ie 
83 7-10 days past bloom. 10.95|| 7:02} 3.4 | 8.42/37.08|44.08|/1.35 
"1B. F. Ladd. Th ge | 
84 | 6 Analyses. 15-35|| 7-24) 4-17] 9.58)36.79|42.09]/1.53 
Bale Se alblone. fescue. astin "i 
5 |16) 33|% in bloom. 29.5 || 9-35] 4-04] 7-87/38.34/40.4 ||I.26|1.19 
86 |17 341% in milk. June 14 |)28'78|| 7.65| 4.34] $.31/32.79|46.91||1.33|1 .19 
on Av. ist cutting..... 28.84)| 8.5 | 4.19) 8.09|35:56/43.65||I1.29/1.19 
87 |15| 39/Seeds, milk to dough 31.73|| 9.94| 4.06 6.56133.25146.19||1.05|1 .05 
88 |18) 38|state. Spikelets y’llow pune 23 32.53 11.39] 4.32| 8.75131.55/43-99||1.4 |1.12 
| | Ay. 2d cutting..... 32.13]||/10.66| 4.19) 7.65|32.4 |45.09]|1.22,1.08 
ky F. Ladd. toeipe 
89 Full bloom. 1886 ||15.35|| 6.29] 3.63) 7.81/34.93/47-34 Be 
“go Full bloom. 1887 ||15.35|| 8.84] 3.92|/11.13/33-28/42.83/|1.7 
Clifford Richardson. 1880. ues 
gl After bloom. June I || 7.6 || 7.16) 3.3 |11.37|27.63|50.54!/1.82/1.03 
C. A. Goessmann. 1886. sf 
92 In seed, fertilized. June 28 || 7.4 || 7.17) 2.17] 7.02/34.46)\49. 18]|1.12 
93 . In seed, unfertilized. June 28 || 8.03|| 8.18) 1.78) 7.27/34.61/48.16||1.16 
Medium red clover Boe | See = 
94 |I9| 32 ; 31.27|| 9.5 | 8.7 |15-75|26.51|39.54||2.52/2.17 
95 |20| 30/Full bloom. 1 head in|! Juue 14 |/28.67)| 8.45] 7.38/15-75|25-4 |43-02/|2.52/2.24 
96 |21| 29/5 brown. 29.12|| 7.95| 7-96|16. 18/27. 19|40.72/|2.59/2.38 
97 \22) 31 29.77)| 8.25) 7-03\15-75|25-45/43-52||2.52/2.17 
Av. Ist cutting..... 29.71|| 8.54] 7-77|15-85|26.14/41.7 ||2.54/2.24 
98 |23| 47 4 30.4 || 8.24) 5.65 15.31 29-96|40.84||2.45/2.1 
99 |\24| 48/34 heads dead. Few}! June2i |/22.31)| 7.94) 6.31|15.75|27-21|42.79||2.52/2.1 
100/25] 49\lower leaves brown. || June 22 |/22.83)| 8.29) 5.79,15-75|25-57/44-6 ||2.52\2.1 
101/26! 50 25.86|| 7.89) 7-87|15-75|27-61|40.88]|2 .52|1 .96 
Av. 2d cutting..... 25.35|| 8.09| 6.4 115.64 42.28||2.5. '2. 


Toa es ¢pws 
Cy ea F : 


Ripetey 


' 


« \ ENS EY, 


TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 


f vs 


ry Lae a 


F TABLE I, CONTINUED. 
| o o Water-free substance. Nitrogen 
i fF o Ol! Gg alate > 
9 Q = » a Lame 
Zi 5 Stage of growth. S = a 4 els 19 a a 
° | ° i=] a a c 
ee ew g Se Sd RTS elo 186 [Li eho Re 
21 9 SG A bate. Ly Tea lt Brae 
| eR eee ol Bal Beles ee 
EME, BER wernt : AIO tek Soret EBON EER To Bae ETN ceases 
Medium red clover.||-- Cont'd. 
W., H. Fordan 1882. 
102 Heads forming. May 24 ||II 8.42] 4.52/23.31/17.53/46.221|3.73| + 
103 Heads formed. June 5 || 9-73)) 7-73} 3-58)18.36|/23.37|46.96 |2.94 
104 Full bloom. June 22 || 9.82)! 7.07| 3.16'14.66/23.06/47.05} 2.35 
105 Some heads dead. July 3 || 9.05|| 6.6 | 3.08|13.69/36.4 |40.23|/2.19 
106 Heads all dead. July 19 ||10.13}| 6.19] 2.78)12.52|37.5 |41.01|/2 
sa W’. O. Atwater. TS 
107 Just before bloom. 14:3 || 8.34) 1.71/14.27/27.75/47.93 < 
108 Full bloom. 18 14.3 || 7-05} 2.38/13.48/27.79'48.7 
109 Nearly out of bloom. 1075 14.3 || 7-36] 1.8 |13.13|29.87|47.86 
IIo Nearly ripe. - : 14.3 || 6.5-| 2.4 |10.37|31-75|49 
Clifford Richardson. 1880. f 
III Head invisible. April 19}| 7-68} 9.29] 7.62/26.54|10.99/45.56)/4.25/3 .43 
112 Head well formed. May 4 || 9 45|| 8.89! 5.8 |25.51/13.09/46.71|/4.08/2. 
113 Full bloom. May 10 || 8.55|) 8.31] 4.79|19.14/15.91/51:35|/3 .07/1.93 
114 After bloom. June 1 || 8.36)| 7.25] 4.62/18.09/19.91|50.13]|2.72)2.51 
115 In seed. F June 8 || 8.15}) 7-35) 3-97/15.24/19.11/54.33/|2.44/1 .83 
116 Head invisible. June 23 || 6 11.22) 3.96|26.44)13.93/44-45||4.23/2.78 
117 Head well formed. June 27 || 7.35|| 8.9 | 3-33!20.02|17.16)50.59||3 .21|2.23 
113, Full bloom. July 1-|| 7.4 |) 8.91] 3.89)/20.79|15.82/50.59//3 .33/2.19 - 
119) After bloom. July 10 || 7-2 |! 7.43} 4.72|16.22/15.41/56.22'|2.59'2.23 
120) In seed, brown. July 15 |! 7.3 || 6-69! 4.72|15.1 |17.86/55.63)|2.42|1.75 
121, Full bloom. ~ 1881 7.4 || 7-45! 7.58|16.8 !18.68|49.49]|2.69 2.05 
122 After bloom. 1881 §.8 | 8.17) 4.23|14.33/19.88)53-39||2.39|1-94 
i Wm. Frear. bn i ae ee 
123 Full bloom. » 1881 |/71.27|| 7-24) 3.73}12.03/29.08/47.92||I .93|1.54 
1B. F. Ladd. Ls 
124 Full bloom, 21 Anal. 15.35} 6.5 | 4.11|14.24130.7 |44.45|/2.28)) 
ry EL. H. Fenkins. | a ah 
125 33 American Anal, 11.38]| 7-03] 2.75|/14.16/30.3 |45 76||2.27 
| Mammoth red clo) ver. ei) : 
126/43} 56 About head in 10 23.72! 7-49) 6.98/13.56/31.3 |40.67|/2.17|1.82 
127|47| 57 in bloom. Others 29.44 8.19)! 6.65'14 !30.63!40.53||2. 2411 .82 
128/51| 58 small and green. June 30 1194-121, 7.89] 6.68114 |30.32141.11)|2.2411.82- 
12955) 59 . 27.96|| 7-99} 6.31/13.75/29.05|42.9 ||2.2 |2.03 
Av. Ist cutting.... 26.31|| 7-89} 6.65|13.84,30.3241.3 ||2.21|1.87 
130/45} 76\% heads in full bloom 26.7 7.09) 6.22/13.12|34.21/39.36||2.1 [1.82 
131|49 77,Some turning brown, |} July 11 ||24.08)| 6.54) 6.75|13.12|35.89/37-7 ||2.1. |1.82 
132'53| 78 lodged. ; 26.6 || 6.09 4.49'12.25|34.14/43.03||f.g6\1 .82 
| Av. 2d cutting..... 25.79|| 6.57) 5.82/12.83|34 75|40.03 |2.05/1.82 
133/46, 89 34 to 4-5 of heads 19.62|| 6.04) 5.18)11.37|32.36.45.05||1.82|1 75 
134 50! 90 brown. Seeds ripe; July 23 ||18.34]| 6.99) 4 82/11.37|29.37|47-45||1.82/1.75 
135/54 Ohiomer leaves dead. 20.63]| 6.29] 5.33/11.37|37-02/39.99 |1.82|1.75 
Av. 3d cutting. .... 19.53]! 6.44) 5.11) 11.37|32.92/44.16)'1 .82/1.75 


f 


~ ie Bf a preet “> a | . 
- . sa te i . r. " ss =e 

. H ¥ = 

BE 445 : _ 


158 | BULLETIN NO. 5. aa [May 


A | \ : , 
TABLE 2. YiELp PER ACRE OF Hays FROM GRASSES AND CLOvERS—POUNDS OF 
FRESH SUBSTANCE; OF DRY SUBSTANCE, AND ITS COMPONENTS. 


wt £= ala Bs lcce aloe 
5% ge lieod | gs fe we g 
No| Stage of growth. 5S ge $2) & == 26 o 
is 82 ee |e ae o° 5% = 
e | 88.5 | BY} 3 eee bee 
a Timothy. 
aS 4320 3300 231 167 1026 1645 | 231 
2 4000 2977 221 137 964 1451 | 204 . 
3 Full bloom. 4960 3570 || 250. | 170 1210 1721 | 219 
4 4640 3300 260 184 1025 1591 240 
Ay. Ist cutting....... 4480 3287 240 | 165 1056 1602 | 224 
5 4400 3482 228 | 160 1226 1632 | 236 
6 |Pollen and ¥% anthers 4320 3387 || 237 | 145 1188 1597 | 220 
7 |shed. 4160 3327 219, | 145 1075 1662 | 226 
8 4400 3497 214 | 160 1131 1763 | 229 
Av. 2d cutting....... 4320 3423 225 | 152 1155 | 1663 | 228 
9 4960 3803 200 | 130 1280 1959 | 234 
10 : 4627 303 192 1532 2221 379 
II Seed in dough, 4960 3811 233. | 155 1276 1926 | 221 
12 4960 3807 250 | 137 1430 1732 | 258 
i AV. Sd ‘Cotting. uss: 5240 || 4012 246 | 153 1380 1960 | 273 
13 4320 3338 a 112 1071 1744 | 207 
14 ie : 6000 4651 2 156 1590 2356 | 265 
15 Seed nearly ripe. 4800 3709 243 | 133 1204 1823 | 210 
16 5600 4557 279 | 146 1554 2310 | 268 
Av. 4th cutting...... 5180 4064 || 253 | 137 1377 2058 | 239 
ny W. H. Fordan. we 
17 |‘ Av. 4 cutti’s in bloom.|} 2955.5]! 2586.5}; 168.4) 62.4) 996.4) 1254.4) 104.9 
18 | Av. 4cutti’s ner’yripe|| 3501.5) 3063.4|) 164.9} 76.3) 1096.9) 1615 | I10.3 
W. O. Atwater. 
Ig |Well headed out. 3120 2749 || 263 54 908 1395 | 129 
20 |In full bloom. || 3760 3301 235 65 1099 1759 | 143 
21 |When out of bloom. 3600 3117 || 220 55 1053 1660 | 129 
22 |Nearly ripe. 4200 3616 246 71 1281 1886 | 132 
Kentucky blue grass 
40 3360 2605 216 | 114 837 I1g0 | 248 
41 |Seeds in milk. ~ || 2720 2083 164 96 667 950 
42 3520 2588 215 | 143 841 1186 | 203 
43 3680 2757 || 244 | 125 899 1219 | 270 
Av. Ist cutting....... 3320 2508 210 | IIg 811 1136 | 232 
44 3520 2686 211 Ill 906 1185 4 273 
45 |Seeds ripe. 3840 2866 251 | 129 939 1272 | 275 
46 4080 2741 216 | 115 834 ee 379 | 207 
47 4720 3336 263 130 1173 1501 | 269 
Av. 2d cutting. ...... 4040 2907 235 cc 125 963 1334 | 256 
48 |Pasture, summer. 3760 1991 || 310 94 576 842 | 169 
‘49 |Pasture, winter. 5040 2813 301 7 705 1429 | 201 


wey 
: ~ 


TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND 


Pa: 


1889.] CLOVERS. 150 
TABLE 2. CoNnTINUED. * | 
a 2s ‘al a a a2 om 
Sg ge |ite| # E og 3 
No Stage of growth. a oR om = = & ZS y 
5 8 5 Sane wt >? 33 ae 
Pe BSB ee Pa oP Bee 
Orchard grass, 
66 . 3760 2775 280 | 130 gI2 1180 | 273 
67 |Full bloom. 4160 2987 326 | 145 1000 1232 | 284 
68 2880 2166 || 228 98 792 857. | Io 
Av. Ist cutting....... 3600 2642 278 | 124 gol 1090 249 
69 | fie 5680 3664 || 353 | 133 12 1489 | 390 
70 |Seeds in milk. 4640 3077 269 146 97 1354 | 330 
71 4320 2954 || 284 | II9g 775 1495 | 281 
Av. 2d cutting. ...... 4880 3232 302 133 1017 1446 | 334 
Meadow fescue. 
85 |Full bloom. 1920 1354 107 55 519 547 126 
86 ; 2080 1494 124 65 490 7o1 114 
: Av. Ist cutting....... 2000 1424 116 60 504 624 120 
87 |Passed bloom. 2560 1748 115 71 581 807 |. 174 
88 3200 2159 189 93 681 950 | 246 
Av. 2d cutting....... 2880 1954 || is2 | 82 631 879 | 210 
Medium red clover. 
94 4400 3024 477 263 ee I 195 287 
95 3440 2454 397 | lor 23 105 207 
96 Full bloom. 2880 2041 || 330 | 163 555 831 | 162 
97 3680 2584 407 | 182 658 1124, | 213 
Av. Ist cutting....... 3600 2526 400 | 197 660 1052 | 217 
98 3600 2506 383 | 141 751 1024 | 207 
99 |34 heads dead. 3360 2610 411 | 165 710 1117 | 207 
100 2720 2099 || 331 | I2t 537 936 | 174 
IOI 3360 2491 392 | 196 688 1018 | 197 
Av. 2d cutting. ...... 3260 2427 379. | 156 672 1024 | 196 
W. H. Fordan. 
104|Heads in bloom. 4210 3680 539.5| 116.3] 1032.6] 1731.4) 260.2 
105|Some heads dead. 4141 3428 469.3) 105.6} 1247.8) 1379.1) 226.2 
106|Heads all dead. ~ 3915 3361 420.7) 93.7| 1260.3] 1378.3) 208 
W. O. Atwater. 
107|\Just before bloom. 1618 1385 I 24 384 664 | 115 
108) Full bloom. 1641 1401 I 33 390 682 | 107 
109|Nearly out of bloom. 2054 1750 230 31 523 837 | 129 
110|Nearly ripe. 1802 1523 158 36 484 746 99 
Augustus Voelcker. — ont oa 
(a) |April 15. 970 808 120 595.2 92.8 
(b) |April 28. 2028 1689.6) 249.6 1273.6 166.4 
(c) |May 12. 3517 2931.2|| 449.6 2233.6 248 
(d) |May 26. 5357 4464 || 470.4 3603 .2 390.4 
(e) June 2. 5372 4476.8)) 430.4 3704 342.4 
(f) |June 9. 6947 5788.8)) 510.4 4841.6 436.8 
(g) |June 16. 7557 6297 .6|| 710.4 5131.2 456 
(h) |June 23. 7233 6027.2|| 560 5001.6 465.6 
(i) |June 30. 7215 6012.8)| 489.6 5102.4 420.8 
(j) |July 7. 6611 5508.8)| 430.4 4691 2 387.2 
(k) |July 18. 6843 5702 .4|}- 369.6 4920 412 8 
(1) July 28. 5950 4958.4|| 299.2 4364.8 294.4 


Mg a Bip Fl ey J ’ ; p ; i a Es 40 Wy as: i Bf 
Cine fa eh Me iran MB NE Ls Wee i oct ne eae 
| Soe 1 - BULLETIN NO. 5. 3 '  [May, 
Pe : TABLE 2. ConrTINuED. ah 
=f +h .! 4 f beXY + 
; ma) 
Pi ae gS | 9] 9 oO} $21 
f: .S) g no < = S = (oF a 
Stage of growth. 5 oe of pe oe 295 Bors 
ed Be | Be ls. Bo eo |B 
o PR Boe Biol Lg Qh} FF 
Mammoth red clover ‘ 
‘ + ae 3440 2624 356 | 183 822 1067 | 196. 
Beginning to bloom. 5040 3556 498 | 234 1089 1444 | 291 
8 fies 5440. || 4128 578 | 275 1254 1696 | 32 
3440 2478 341 156 720 1063 | Ig 
. Ay. Ist cutting....... 4340 3196 || 443 | 212 971 1317 | 252 
5600 4105 538 | 255 1.404 1617 | 291 
Full bloom. 5600 4252 558 | 287 1526 1603 | 278 
5120 3758 460 | 169 1283 1617 | 229 
Ay. 2d cutting....... 5440 4038 519 | 237 1404 1612 | 266 
133 4560 3665 417 190 | 1186 1651 | 221 
134|Nearly out of bloom. , 4240 3462 393 167 1017 1643 | °242 
135 3840 3048 347 | 162 1128 1219 | I92 
Av. 3d cutting. ...... 4213 | 3392 386 | 173 1110 1504 | 218 
re , 
= / ae 3 
ae 
4% eh! 
giks vN 
y / 
% it, 
| 


ps 
bs 


1889.] 


TIME OF curTinG GRASSES AND CLOVERS. | 


1648 


TABLE 3. YIELD PER ACRE OF ‘Eats FROM Grasses AND iGhiveas? Counee ae 
DIGESTIBLE SUBSTANCE, AND ITS COMPONENTS; NUTRITIVE RATIO; PERCENTAGE - 
OF DIGESTIBLE DRy SUBSTANCE. 


2 a > 2 

3 Mae (el ES ag a Bi ae a 

N Stage of growth Zoe Br Fe Bes fseigee We ae oh tee 

° age of growth. S's v eB cc) xo} < 

i 3 3° = = 2 oO ; 

o° o. aa = S 5 

* iw sf @ ti = 

? o 

Timothy. 
I 1744 113 82 513 1036 Wi 
2 1571 108 67 | 482 914 14.4 
3 |Full bloom. 1895 123 | 83 | 605 1084. || 15.5 
4 1732 127 f go 513 1002 13.6 
_ Av. Ist cutting.....0.... 1736 118 | 81 528 1009 || 14.8 
5 1831 112 78 613 1028 16.4 
6 : 1787 116 71 594 1006 15.3 
7 Pollen and ¥% anthers shed. 1760 107 71 535 1047 16.4 
8 1860 105 78 566 ITIL 17.9 
AV/ 2d cutting... 56% oie 18ro IIo 74 578 1048 16.5 
9 ‘ 2036 98 64. 640 1234 20.7 
te-Ts i AL 2408 149 94 766 1399 16.2 
ry joces in dough. 2041 114 | 76 | 638 1213 179 
I2 1996 123 67 715 Iogt || 16.1 
A¥. 3d onttinge oe. 2120 I2I 75 690 1234 17.6 
13 1789 100 55 535 abe (4 rf. : 
14 F 2495 139 | 77 | 795 | 1484 : 
15 Seed nearly ripe. 1980 119 65 647 1149 16.5 
16 2441 137 72. | 777 1455 17.6 
Ay. 4th cutting.......... 2176 124 67 688 1297 17.4 
W. H. Fordan. ae 
17°|Av. 4 cuttings in bloom. 1404 83 31 498 792 16.6 
18 |Av. 4 cuttings nearly ripe. 1684. 81 37 549 1017 20.8 
W. O. Atwater. 

Ig |Well headed out. 1488 129 26 454 879 10.9 
20 |Full bloom. 1805 115 32 550 1108 15.1 
21 |Out of bloom. 1707 108 27 526 1046 15.2 
22 |Nearly ripe. 1984 121 35 -640 1188 15.9 

Kentucky blue grass. ! 
40 . 1330 106 56 418 750 12.4 
41 |Seeds in milk. 1060 80 47 334 599 13.1 
42 1343 105 7° 421 747 12.7 
43 1398 120 61 449 768 11.5 
Av. Ist cutting........ ‘ol 1282 103 58 405 716 12.4 
44 ; 1357 103 54 453 747 12.9 
45 |Seeds ripe. 1457 123 63 470 801 11.6 
46 1448 106 | 56 | 417 869 || 13-5 
47 1725 129 64 586 946 13.1 
Av. 2d cutting........... 1496 115 59 481 841 12.8 
48 |Pasture, summer. 1380 233 62 420 665 5.3 
49 \Pasture, winter. 1927 220 &7 515 1129 7.9 


21q4NSeS tp 99,48 |}. 
-qns Aap "jo “1g 


262° | BULLETIN NO. 5. [May 
TABLE 3. CONTINUED. 

a zw || 
2° z ao} Slosez 8 Wes 
ae o 2 ae ae = [lee 

“No Stage of growth. 9 ia = @ xO a ilea 
BS She | i ae eee 
8 ° Bo Re ae ee 
> ° o iol 
Orchard grass. 
66 1431 165 | 79 | $47 649 8.3 |) 52 
67 |In full bloom. 1548 192 78 600 67 7-7 || 52 
68 ; 1134 135 | 53 | 475 | 471 8 52 
Av. Ist cutting.......... 1371 164 67 541 599 8 52 
69 | 1878 408. | 972-1 779 819 8,5 || 51 
70 \Seeds in milk. 1568 15 79 587 745 g.6 || 51 
71 1519 16: 64 465 822 8.6 || 51 
. Av. 2d cutting........... ‘| 1655 178 72 610 795 8.9 || 51 
Meadow fescue. 
5 |Full bloom. 684 52 27 260 345 12.8 || 50 
86 779 61 32 245 441 12.6 || 52 
Av. Ist cutting.......... 731 57 29 252 393 12.7 || 5% 
‘87 |Passed bloom. 890 56 35 291 508 || 15.7 |] 51 
88 1077 93 | 46 | 340 598 || 11.4 || 5° 
Av. 2d cutting. .......... 984. 74 40 316 554 13.5 || 51 
| Medium red clover. 
94 1707 320 | 166 385 836 5.1 || 56 
-95 |Full bloom. 1412 259 | 114 299 740 5-1 || 58 
96 1172 221 | 103 266 582 5 57 
‘97 1490 273 | 114 316 787 5-1 || 58 
Ay. Ist CUMING Soins a matis 1445 268 | 124 317 736 5-1 |) 57 
08 1309 226 63 293 727 6.1 || 52 
-99 |Heads dead. 1387 243 74 277 793 5-2 || 53 
100 1124 195 38 2 665 5-2 || 54 
101 1310 231 26 723 5.2 || 53 
Av... 20. COLNE 400205 53 1283 224 70 262 727 | 5-4 53 
104|Heads in bloom. 2143 362 73 4 1212 5.2 || 58 
_405|Some heads dead. 1790 ||, 277 47 4° 979 5-7 || 52 
106| Heads all dead. 1760 248 42 491 979 6.4. || 52 
Mammoth red clover. 
126 1675 263 | 130 | 460 822 6.1 || 64 
127|Beginning to bloom. 2256 3 166 610 IIII 5.8 || 63 
128 2631 42 195 702 1306 5-6 || 64 
129 1585 252 | 111 403 19 5-9 || 64 
Av. Ist cutting.......... 2036 328 | 150 544 1014 5-9 || 64 
430 2327 360 | 161 674 1132 7 57 
131) Full bloom. 2409 374 | 181 732 1122 6.2 || 57 
132 2162 308 | 106 616 1132 6.5 || 58 
Av. 2d cutting. .......... 2299 348 | 149 674 1128 6.6 || 57 
133 I 246 8 463 1172 7-7 || 53 
134|Nearly out of bloom. tey0 232 ee 397 1166 7-5 || 54 
135 1583 || 205 73 440 865 7-3 || 52 
Fv. BO CUttAP er Lee || 1806 || 227 78 433 1068 || 7-5 || 53 


1889.] 


TIME OF CUTTING GRASSES AND CLOVERS. 


TABLE 4. Hays—CoMmPARISON OF VARIETIES. 
Proximate Composition of Field-cured Hays. 


= Water-free substance. | 
22 a a 
® QD CG ae 
Name of variety. | Stage of growth. $ = a e - eo eo 8 2 
, 2, : 
aoe ee a ee es le 
SR OB 8 oa 
Full bloom........ 26.53 || 6.81. | 5 7:32 32.11 48.75 
¥ anthers shed....||_ 20.75 || 6.65 | 4.46 | 6.56 | 33-74 | 48.59 
Timothy.......-. Seed in dough..... 23.41 || 6.73 | 3-81 | 6.12 | 3445 | 48.9 
Seeds nearly ripe..|| 21.64 ||'5.90 | 3.38 | 6.23 | 33-82 | 50.67 
Average........ 23.68 || 6.52 | 4.16 | 6.56 33-53 49-23 
Seeds in milk...... 24.36 || 9.26 | 4.76 | 8.33 | 32.32 | 45.33 
Ky. blue grass. . .;/Seeds ripe......... 27.80 |; 8.85 | 4.18 | 8.09 33.02 45. 
Average....... 26.08 || 9.05 | 4.47 | 8.21 32.67 45.60 
P Full bloom........ 26.41. || 9.40 | 4.68 |10.49 34.30 41.14 
Orchard grass....|Seedsin milk...... 33-60 ||10.28 | 4.14 | 933 | 31-16 | 45.09 
~ Average........ 30.00 || 9.84 | 4.41 | 9.91 | 32.73 | 43-11 
Full bloom........ 28.84 || 8.50 | 4.19 | 8.09 | 35.56 | 43.65 
Meadow fescue. .|Seedsin milk...... 32.13 |/10.66 | 4.19 | 7.65 32.40 | 45.09 
Average, 2.0.32, 30.48 || 9.58 | 4.19 | 7.87 33.68 | 44.37 
Full bloom........ 29.71 || 8.54 | 7-77 |15.85 26.14 | 41.70 
Med’m red clover|/34 heads dead. ....|| 25.35 || 8.09 | 6.40 (15.64 | 27.59 | 42.28 
Average......../] 27.53 || 8.31 | 7.08 |15.75 26.87 41.99 
. Beginning to bloom|| 26.31 || 7.89 | 6.65 (13.84 | 30.32 | 41.30 
Mammoth red |Full bloom...... --|| 25-79 |! 6.57 | 5.82 |12.83 | 34.75 | 40,03 
COVERS: 5) Svcs Nearly out of bloom|} 19.53 || 6.44 | 5.11 |11.37 32.92 | 44.16 
Average: . 5.0.5: 23.88 || 697 |. 5.86 |12.68 | 32.66 | 41.83 
8 
Comparative Yields per Acre of Hays. 
Name of variety. = = so z B. 5. & 26 = 
= 2 at > O i) no SOQ = 
oF oF g. ohh oe s @ . 
e of | F ¢ ah 
DIMOthY nee -|| 4805 3696 241 152 1242 1821 241 
Kbatocky blue grass..... 3680 2708 222 120 887 1235 244 
Orchard | a0 Bitrate oats 4240 2937 290 129 95 12 291 
Meadow fescue... ...... 2440 1689 134 7 56 751 165 
Medium red clover....... 3430 2477 390 176 666 1038 207 
Mammoth red clover.... 4632 3508 449 208 1143 1462 246 
Comparative Yield per Acre of Digestiile Substances of Hays. 
19 a a a Sieg 
ees) so] 2 | 2] 82 | gZ |e8s 
Name of variety. 54'S, ga = = & 25 =f | Seg 
o£o 8, > c 73 oo | bas 
yo | 6 e QF eo | 93 
RRR OLY i o%e one Goel ++e-i| 1960 118 74 621 1147 16.6 53 
Kentucky blue grass..... 1389 109 58 443 779 12.6 51 
Orchard: graasiirci i e053 I 3 3 17I 69 576 697 8.5 52 
Meadow fescue.......... 57 66 34 284 474 13.1 51 
Medium red clover...... 1898 296 54 491 IC57 5.8 54 
fammoth red clover..... 2047 207 126 fo) 1070 6.7 58 


fd 


+. C 4 ~~ } , 4 ad ‘ 
$ * - ai ; ae 
; ‘ ~y Ds # " b 
~ ae . \ - aad . 
af fant } \ i 


. y i Paci : 
164 re, BULLETIN NO. 5.0%  [May, 1889. 
TABLE 5. [See Zable r.] PROXIMATE COMPOSITION FRESH MEDIUM RED CLOoveER. 
ay [A. Voelcker. | 


4. Fresh substance. Water-free substance. 
ot eS 
| Ze aie me BB ee 
Date of cutting. s ey Bs 5 g - BS = g 
f = @ |e | Be é ee | BE 
oe g eee RS 8 22°). 28 
Rey > S FOS > ar) 0a 
Be? aes OS es 
Sea PA VADIILRG S065 SS 82.25 | 2.07 | 2.68 | 13 11.61 15.12 | 73.27 
. OSE CASS 9 IR: SSAC RN et 80.8 1.91 | 2.88 14.41 9 94 14.93 73.13 
eMC AVERY (TO cc Feet y 81.31 | 1.59 | 2.87 14.24 8.5 15.37 |. .76.13 
Pah ANay 20s yr. bee. web 78.7 1.81. | 2.25 17.24 8.5 10.56 80.94 
Ley oP, Ovi eee ke ie e 78.8 1.63 | 2.06 17.51 7.68 ee 82 68 
OTE Cea) (1 a ea 73:2 | 2.03. | 2:97 '|- 21.8 7.57 81 83.62 
Se es TOUTS Cs Og Sea ae 74.1 1.88 | 2.94 | 21.08 7.25 | 4¥1.31°| 81.44 
Peer MA GTA 230 fs eee ag 72.5 2.13 | 2.56 22.81 7.74 9-31 $2.95 
Rie ee ee 4, 05.2 2.44 | 2:87 29.49 7.01 8.25 84.74 
BEALS yO ata ge Mea ae 68.7 2297 12,5 260.59 7.06 7.94 85 
SP PTY EO 625s oes tne ee 64.08 12361. 2737 31.01 7.25 6.62 $6.13 
Pf ptl yet cai ses 50.8 | 2.93 43.27 5-95 6.06 | 87.99 


TABLE 6. GRASSES AND CLOVERS—PEFCENTAGE OF WATER IN GREEN SUBSTANCE; 
YIELD PER ACRE; Loss OF WATER IN CURING. 


* 
© Pr ct. wat’r| Calculated 
=| Name of variety. Stage of growth. - var in green |y’ld green Water lost 
iid Z culung- | substance.| substance. | 7? CUMS: z 
60 |Timothy ........... Anthers % shed...| July 3 64.14 9545 5225 
AE Aa a IRR eA Seed in dough....| July 11 57:5 440 4200 f 
Pose Oa ane ee eee ies hee Seed nearly ripe..; July 23 53-31 704. 3524 
_ | Ig |Kentucky blue grass|/Seeds in milk..... June 14 | 65.08 7182 3862 
35 AS BE SOx HO CROS TIDE. Gries Lous June 22 61.48 7545 3505 
x 21 |Orckard grass....:.:\gFull bloom. ...... June 14 |. 67.25 8067 4407 
os 369 €é BET Seeds in milk..... Jnne 22 65.21 9290 4410 
20 |Medium red clover..|/Full bloom.:..... June 14 76.05 10547 6947 | 
: 37 ns $i ..||Heads 34 dead....| June 22 72.4 8794 5534 a 
. 66 |Mammoth red clover||/Full bloom....... July 11 73:91 15477 10037 | 
82 P # Ne’ly out of bloom| July 23 68.19 10663 6450 


: Tuomas F, Hunt, | 
Assistant Agriculturist. 


_All communications intended for the Station should be addressed, 
not to any person, but to the 


AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS. 


The bulletins of the Experiment Station will be sent free of all 
Ls charges to persons engaged in farming who may request that they be sent. 


SELIM H. PEABODY, 
President Board of Direction. 


Pepe ¥ 
ee? 


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As 


